Maior frequência de neuropatia periférica diabética associada ao hiperparatireoidismo secundário / Higher prevalence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy associated with secondary hyperparathyroidism

INTRODUÇÃO: A neuropatia periférica diabética (ND) é comum na nefropatia diabética (NFD) e não há informações se o hiperparatireoidismo secundário (HPS) aumenta seus sintomas. O objetivo foi determinar ND por sinais em pacientes com HPS. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: É um estudo caso-controle. O Grupo Controle (GC) é composto por doentes com NFD e valores de paratormônio (PTH)<60pg / ml. O Grupo de Hiperparatireoidismo (GH) engloba pacientes com NFD e PTH≥60pg/ml e critérios bioquímicos de HPS. As variáveis foram, entre outras, a presença de sinais de ND e foram comparados com o teste t de Student e o qui-quadrado. RESULTADOS: Foram 60 participantes em cada grupo, sendo 35 (58,3%) homens no GC vs 33 (55,0%) em GH (p = 0,713). A idade do GC foi de 67±11,0 anos, vs 72±11 anos GH (p=0,009). A taxa de filtração glomerular (TFG) no GC foi 53,82±25,13 vs GH 35,34±18,43ml/min/1,73m2 (p <0,001). O PTH no GC foi de 38,02±15,32 pg/ml, em GH 119,07±84,33 pg/ml (p <0,001). A ND, devido aos sintomas no GC, foi de 28,3% e 36,6% no GH (p=0,330). A neuropatia por sinais no GC foi de 38,3% e no GH 83,3% (p<0,001). O odds ratio de GH para neuropatia presente devido a sinais foi de 8,044 (IC 95% 3,42­8,92). CONCLUSÃO: Constatou-se uma maior presença de sinais de NPD em pacientes com HPS em nosso centro.

BACKGROUND: Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DN) is common in diabetic nephropathy (DNP), and there is no information if secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHP) increases its symptoms. The purpose was to determine DN by signs in patients with SHP. METHODS: It is a case-control study. Control patients (CG) with DN and parathyroid hormone (PTH) values<60pg/ml. The Hyperparathyroidism group (HG), patients with DNP and PTH≥60pg/ml and HPS biochemical criteria. The variables were, among others, the presence of DN signs, and were compared with Student's t and chi-square. RESULTS: There were 60 participants in each group, 35(58.3%) men in CG vs.33(55.0%) in GH (p=0.713). The age of the CG was 67±11.0 years, vs 72±11years HG (p=0.009). The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in the CG was 53.82±25.13 vs in HG 35.34±18.43ml/min/1.73m2(p<0.001). The PTH in the CG were 38.02±15.32pg/ml and in GH 119.07±84.33pg/ml(p<0.001). The DN due to symptoms in CG was 28.3% and in GH 36.6%(p=0.330). Neuropathy due to signs in the CG was 38.3% and in GH 83.3% (p<0.001). The HG odds ratio to present neuropathy due to signs was 8.044 (95% CI 3.42­18.92). CONCLUSION: There was a statistical association between HPS and signs of DN in patients with DNP in our canter.

Advances in Noninvasive Methods for Screening and Evaluating Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy / 中国医学科学院学报

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy(DPN),a chronic diabetic microvascular complication with a high incidence among diabetic patients,increases the risk of diabetic foot and amputation.Many methods are available for screening and evaluating DPN,including traditional 10 g monofilament,tuning fork and vibration perception,and tendon reflex tests,which should be combined with some nerve function score systems to improve the detection rate and accuracy for DPN.In recent years,a number of noninvasive new techniques have been developed for the evaluation of nerve injury,such as corneal confocal microscopy,quantitative sensory testing,current perception threshold test,sympathetic sudomotor function evaluation,and quantitative detection of skin advanced glycation end products.This paper reviews these noninvasive methods for screening and evaluating DPN to help clinicians detect and focus on DPN early.

Neuropatía precoz: Importancia de la evaluación neurofisiológica en el sindrome metabólico con o sin disregulación glucémica / Early neuropathy. Importance of neurophysiological assessment in cases of metabolic syndrome with or without hyperglycemia

La neuropatía periférica y autonómica es una de las complicaciones más comunes en pacientes con diabetes. La lesión nerviosa comienza tempranamente, en aquellos con diabetes mellitus de tipo II puede comenzar antes de la disregulación glucémica, en la etapa del síndrome metabólico. En un primer momento puede ser asintomática, por lo que es fundamental la realización de técnicas electrofisiológicas para su detección temprana, para implementar medidas terapéuticas que impidan su progresión. Se presentan nueve casos, tres con síndrome metabólico y alteración del metabolismo de la glucosa, uno con síndrome metabólico sin hiperglucemia y cinco con alteración del metabolismo de la glucemia sin otros criterios diagnósticos de síndrome metabólico. Todos estaban asintomáticos y el examen neurológico fue normal. Se realizaron técnicas de detección de neuropatía periférica temprana (razón sural/radial, ondas F, reflejo H, respuestas simpáticas de la piel, período silente cutáneo y variabilidad del intervalo RR). Ocho pacientes tuvieron neuropatía autonómica cardíaca incipiente y uno neuropatía autonómica establecida. Ocho presentaron neuropatía somática incipiente (siete con alteración de la razón sural/radial, y uno con alteración de las ondas F). Un paciente tuvo alteración sublínica de las fibras finas (alteración de las respuestas simpáticas de la piel y del período silente cutáneo). Es importante la detección de la neuropatía temprana antes de su manifestación clínica ya que existen tratamientos para detenerla e incluso revertirla.

Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in type 2 diabetic patients

SUMMARY Diabetes is one of the most common chronic pathologies around the world, involving treatment with general clinicians, endocrinologists, cardiologists, ophthalmologists, nephrologists and a multidisciplinary team. Patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) can be affected by cardiac autonomic neuropathy, leading to increased mortality and morbidity. In this review, we will present current concepts, clinical features, diagnosis, prognosis, and possible treatment. New drugs recently developed to reduce glycemic level presented a pleiotropic effect of reducing sudden death, suggesting a potential use in patients at risk.

RESUMO Diabetes é uma das mais frequentes patologias crônicas em todo o mundo, cujo tratamento envolve uma equipe multidisciplinar, médicos generalistas, endocrinologistas, cardiologistas, nefrologistas e oftalmologistas. Pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DMT2) podem apresentar neuropatia autonômica cardíaca (NAC), levando a aumento de mortalidade e morbidade. Nesta revisão, apresentaremos atuais conceitos, características clínicas, diagnóstico, prognóstico e possíveis tratamentos. Novas drogas recentemente desenvolvidas para redução de níveis glicêmicos apresentaram efeito pleiotrópico de redução de morte súbita, sugerindo um potencial uso neste perfil de pacientes.

Caracterización del riesgo de presentar pie diabético. Servicio Provincial de Angiología de Matanzas. 2014-2015 / Characterization of the risk of developing diabetic foot. Provincial Service of Angiology of Matanzas. 2014-2015

RESUMEN Introducción: la identificación del pie en riesgo de las personas con diabetes permite su estratificación como paso previo para establecimiento de futuras estrategias preventivas para evitar la aparición de la úlcera del pie diabético. Objetivo: caracterizar el riesgo de presentar el pie diabético en los pacientes ingresados con esta afección en el Servicio Provincial de Angiología y Cirugía Vascular de Matanzas, entre septiembre 2014 y mayo 2015. Materiales y métodos: se realizó una investigación descriptiva, retrospectiva de corte transversal. La muestra de estudio estuvo constituida por 111 pacientes hospitalizados con diagnóstico de pie diabético en el Servicio Provincial de Angiología y Cirugía Vascular de Matanzas, en el periodo comprendido desde septiembre 2014 hasta mayo 2015. Resultados: en la estratificación del riesgo, predominaron los diabéticos con pie de riesgo 4, el uso de calzado inadecuado y el deficiente cuidado de los pies fueron los factores de riesgo relacionados con la educación del diabético que predominaron; la neuropatía diabética fue la condición más frecuente en los pacientes con pie de riesgo; sin embargo, las deformidades podálicas y la ausencia de pulsos periféricos también estuvieron presentes en un porciento elevado de los pacientes. Conclusiones: constituyeron riesgo para desarrollar un pie diabético: la neuropatía, el antecedente de úlcera y/o amputación, uso de calzado inadecuado y el deficiente cuidado de los pies (AU).

ABSTRACT Introduction: the identification of the foot at risk of people with diabetes allows its stratification as a preliminary step for the establishment of future preventive strategies to prevent the onset of the diabetic foot ulcer. Objective: to characterize the risk of developing diabetic foot in patients who entered the Provincial Service of Angiology and Vascular Surgery of Matanzas with this affection from September 2014 until May 2015. Material and method: a descriptive, retrospective, cross-sectional research was carried out. The studied sample was constituted by 111 hospitalized patients diagnosed with diabetic foot in the Provincial Service of Angiology and Vascular Surgery of Matanzas, in the period from September 2014 to May 2015. Results: in the stratification of risk, diabetic patients with risk 4 foot prevailed; the use of inadequate footwear and deficient feet care were the predominant risk factors related to the education of the diabetic patients; diabetic neuropathy was the most frequent condition in patients with compromised foot; however, podalic deformities and the absence of peripheral pulses were also present in a high percentage of patients. Conclusions: neuropathy, the antecedent of ulcer and / or amputation, the use of inadequate footwear and deficient care of the feet represent risk to develop a diabetic foot (AU).

Avaliação da polineuropatia diabética e a prevenção de úlceras em idosos / Evaluation of diabetic polyneuropathy and the prevention of ulcers in the elderly / Evaluación de la polineuropatía diabética y la prevención de úlceras en ancianos

Trata-se de um estudo descritivo correlacional, envolvendo 16 idosos diabéticos de ambos os sexos, com o objetivo de avaliar a presença da polineuropatia distal através de um protocolo de avaliação. Foi encontrada uma correlação negativa moderada do índice sensorial avaliado pela estesiometria com a força de preensão e dos músculos dorsiflexores do tornozelo, e uma correlação positiva forte entre os índices sensoriais nos pés. Todos os idosos foram orientados quanto aos exercícios para melhorar a força muscular e os cuidados para prevenir lesões ulcerativas nos pés, assim como alertados sobre as consequências de várias ordens desse problema: comprometimento de outras funções corporais fundamentais, como o equilíbrio e a marcha, cursando com a redução da mobilidade funcional, o que pode impactar negativamente no grau de independência e na qualidade de vida destes pacientes.

This is a descriptive correlational study involving 16 elderly diabetics of both sexes, with the objective of evaluating the presence of distal polyneuropathy through an evaluation protocol. A moderate negative correlation of the sensory index assessed by the esthesiometry with the grip strength and ankle dorsiflexor muscles was found, and a strong positive correlation was found between the sensory indices in the feet. All the elderly were instructed on exercises to improve muscle strength and care for prevent ulcerative lesions in the feet, as well as warned about the consequences of various orders on this problem: impairment of other fundamental bodily functions such as balance and gait, coursing with the reduction of functional mobility, which may negatively impact the degree of independence and quality of life of these patients.

Se trata de un estudio descriptivo correlacional, involucrando a 16 ancianos diabéticos de ambos sexos, con el objetivo de evaluar la presencia de la polineuropatía distal a través de un protocolo de evaluación. Se encontró una correlación negativa moderada del índice sensorial evaluado por la estosiometría con la fuerza de asimiento y de los músculos dorsiflexores del tobillo, y una correlación positiva fuerte entre los índices sensoriales en los pies. Todos los ancianos fueron orientados en cuanto a los ejercicios para mejorar la fuerza muscular y los cuidados para prevenir lesiones ulcerativas en los pies, así como alertados sobre las consecuencias de varias órdenes de ese problema: comprometimiento de otras funciones corporales fundamentales, como el equilibrio y la marcha, cursando con la reducción de la movilidad funcional, lo que puede impactar negativamente en el grado de independencia y en la calidad de vida de estos pacientes.

Screening tests for distal symmetrical polyneuropathy in Latin American patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

ABSTRACT Objective This cross sectional study intended to evaluate two bedside tests (Neuropad and VibraTip) as screening tools for distal symmetrical polyneuropathy (DSPN) in Latin American patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). Subjects and methods Ninety-three Colombian patients diagnosed with T2D were recruited. Anthropometric variables, glycemic control parameters, lipid profile and renal function were assessed for each patient. DSPN was defined by a Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI) clinical score greater than 2. Both Neuropad and Vibratip tests were applied to each patient. Contingency analyses were performed to evaluate the diagnostic power of both tools. Results The prevalence of DSPN determined clinically by MNSI was 25.8%. DSPN in these patients was associated with age, worsening renal function, and insulin treatment. The sensitivity and specificity of the Neuropad test for DSPN was 66.6% and 63% respectively. Its negative predictive value (NPV) was 84.6%. The VibraTip test exhibited a sensitivity of 54.1% and specificity of 91.3%, with a NPV of 85.1%. Conclusion Neuropad and VibraTip are reliable screening tools for DSPN in Latin American population. VibraTip presents a considerable diagnostic power for DSPN in this population. Further studies regarding the cost-effectiveness of these tools in clinical practice are needed.

Ankle-brachial index and diabetic neuropathy: study of 225 patients / Index tornozelo-braquial e neuropatia diabética: estudo de 225 pacientes

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate neuropathic pain and peripheral vascular disease in diabetics and compare this with the length of time since diagnosis in type 1, and type 2 diabetes. Methods A cross-sectional study with 225 diabetics chosen from their responses on the DN4 questionnaire, who were then evaluated with the ankle-brachial index (ABI), separating type 1 diabetes from type 2 diabetes. Results A higher incidence of neuropathic pain in those over 60 years of age showed an ABI > 1.3. Neuropathic pain was related to an abnormal ABI in 144 patients (64.2%). A statistically significant value was obtained in type 2 diabetes patients with more than 10 years from disease onset, 69 with altered ABI and 25 with normal ABI. There was an altered ABI (< 0.9) observed in 33% of type 1 diabetes patients and in 67% of type 2 diabetes patients. Conclusion The ABI test in type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes patients is important even in those who are asymptomatic. A diagnosis of more than 10 years prior, regardless of the presence of neuropathic pain or ischemic signs, altered the ABI.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar dor neuropática e doença vascular periférica em diabéticos e comparar com, tempo de diagnóstico de diabetes tipo 1(DM 1) e diabetes tipo 2(DM2). Métodos Estudo de corte transversal onde, 225 diabéticos responderam ao questionário (DN4) sendo submetidos ao índice tornozelo-braquial (ITB). Resultados predomínio de dor neuropática foi em pacientes acima de 60 anos com (DM2), com um ITB > 1,3 nesta população; assim a dor neuropática foi relacionada com o ITB anormal em 144 pacientes, total de 64,2%. Um valor estatisticamente significativo foi com (DM2).Um ITB alterado (< 0,9) em 33% no (DM 1) e em 67% (DM 2). Totalizando 132 indivíduos com alterações no ITB. Conclusão O teste ITB é útil em pacientes com DM 1 e DM 2 quando a dor neuropática é suspeita, mesmo em assintomáticos. E o tempo prolongado de diabetes (> 10 anos), independentemente da presença de dor ou sinais isquêmicos, alterou o ITB.

Cross-cultural adaptation to Brazilian Portuguese of the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument: MNSI-Brazil / Adaptação transcultural para o português brasileiro do Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument: MNSI-Brasil

ABSTRACT Since 1994, the University of Michigan Diabetes Research and Training Center proposed an instrument to measure neuropathies not yet adapted to use in Brazil. Then, this study aimed to adapt cross-culturally the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI) into Brazilian Portuguese, verifying its reliability. Thirty diabetic patients were initially evaluated with the adapted version after completed the essential steps to accomplish the cross-cultural adaptation. Twenty-two of them completed the procedures to repeat the measured scores after day 1 (trial 0). The repeated measurements were tested at days 2 or 3 (trial 1) by another rater (inter-rater reliability) and retested at day 20 (trial 2) by one of the attended raters (inter-test reliability). There were not great semantics, linguistics or cultural differences between two versions and excellent reliability was confirmed by intra-class correlation coefficient above 0.840. It was concluded that MNSI in the Brazilian version is reliable and it is ready to use.

RESUMO Desde 1994, o Centro de Treinamento e Pesquisa em Diabetes da Universidade de Michigan propôs um instrumento não ainda adaptado para uso no Brasil para mensurar neuropatias. O objetivo deste estudo foi adaptar transculturalmente o Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI) para o Português brasileiro, verificando sua confiabilidade. Trinta pacientes diabéticos foram inicialmente avaliados pela versão adaptada depois de completados os passos essenciais para finalizar a adaptação transcultural. Vinte e dois deles completaram os procedimentos para repetir os escores medidos depois do dia 1 (ensaio 0). As medidas repetidas foram testadas nos dias 2 ou 3 (ensaio 1) por outro examinador (confiabilidade interexaminador) e retestadas no dia 20 (ensaio 2) por um dos examinadores participantes (confiabilidade interteste). Não existiam diferenças semânticas, linguísticas ou culturais entre as duas versões e excelente confiabilidade foi confirmada pelo coeficiente de correlação intra-classe acima de 0,840. Conclui-se que o MNSI na versão brasileira é confiável e está pronto para uso.

Evaluation of creatinine-based and cystatin C-based equations for estimation of glomerular filtration rate in type 1 diabetic patients

ABSTRACT Objective Several formulas based in different biomarkers may be used to estimate glomerular filtration rate (GRF). However, all of them have some limitations, and it is very important to evaluate their performances in different groups of patients. Therefore, we compared GFR, as estimated by creatinine-based and cystatin C-based equations, according to albuminuria, in type 1 diabetes (T1DM), in an observational case-control study. Subjects and methods T1DM patients were classified according to albuminuria: normoalbuminuric (n = 63), microalbuminuric (n = 30), macroalbuminuric (n = 32). GFR was calculated using creatinine-based and cystatin C-based (aMDRD, CKD-EPIcr, CKD-EPIcys, MacIsaac, Tan and CKD-EPIcrcys) equations. Spearman Correlation was used to evaluate the correlation of GFR estimated by the formulas with albuminuria. ROC curves were constructed to compare AUCs of GFR estimated by equations, in reference to macroalbuminuria. Sensibility, specificity and accuracy were calculated for a cut-off < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Results GFR estimated by creatinine-based and cystatin C-based equations significantly differed among normoalbuminuric, microalbuminuric and macroalbuminuric patients. Spearman correlation and AUCs of GFR estimated by creatinine-based and cystatin C-based formulas were very similar to each other, though cystatin C-based equations presented better correlation with albuminuria and higher AUCs than the creatinine-based ones, and the best accuracy to detect macroalbuminuric patients. Conclusion Although GFR estimated by all creatinine-based and cystatin C-based equations permitted the differentiation between T1DM patients, according to albuminuria, cystatin C-based equations presented best accuracy to detect macroalbuminuria in T1DM patients and should be considered in the clinical routine in order to increase the possibility of early diagnostic of chronic renal disease.

Neuropatía diabética periférica: eficacia clínica de la evaluación semiológica / Diabetic peripheral neuropathy: semiológica clinical efficacy of assessment

El diagnóstico de la Neuropatía Diabética Periférica es tardío. Identificar maniobras semiológicas que permitan el diagnóstico precoz de la neuropatía diabética. Estudio de casos, analítico, transversal y operacional: personas sanas, prediabéticos, diabéticos de reciente diagnóstico y diabéticos de más de 5 años de diagnóstico. Se realizaron 2 evaluaciones: la primera por dos investigadores a ciegas que evaluaron: sensibilidad mecánica, reflejos osteotendinosos y palestesia. También se evaluación de la córnea con Rosa de Bengala y se aplicó el Cuestionario DN4. Segunda Evaluación: von Frey. Biopsia de Piel: será tratada con inmunohistoquímica de campo claro. Muestra de 25 personas. El DN4, obtuvo 14 personas con dolor neuropático. La tinción con Rosa de Bengala obtuvo 7 pacientes con ojo seco y una diabética con más de 5 años de diagnóstico con alteración corneal. En la evaluación con von Frey hubo 3 pacientes con zonas sin respuesta al microfilamento de 10 g. La inmunohistoquímica demostró que el número y densidad de fibras nerviosas tuvo un promedio de 7 fibras/campo en sanos y a partir de los prediabéticos disminuyó desde 4,4 fibras/campo. El ojo seco justifica la evaluación periódica del internista. La evaluación de la sensibilidad con los filamentos de von Frey señala que el monofilamento utilizado individualmente tiene menor eficiencia diagnóstica. La biopsia demostró una capacidad diagnóstica precoz de esta, aún en ausencia de síntomas. La biopsia de piel con cuantificación del número y densidad de fibras, es útil en la identificación temprana de lesión de fibras C y se comporta como método de pesquisa.

The diagnosis of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy is made lately. To identify semiological maneuvres that allow early diagnosis of diabetic neuropathy. Case studie, analitic, transversal and operational, without therapeutic intervention in healthy, prediabetic, diabetic and newly diagnosed diabetes over 5 years of diagnosis. The First Assessment was: conducted by two blinded researchers measuring mechanical sensitivity, tendon reflexes, and palesthesia. Von Frey 3) Skin biopsy: the cornea Bengal Rose and DN4 Questionnaire. The second assessment was done with brightfield immunohistochemistry. The sample consisted of 25 persons. The DN4 had 14 people with neuropathic pain. Staining with Rose Bengal scored 7 persons. The second Assessment was done in patients with dry eye and over 5 years of diagnosis of corneal disorder. The evaluation with von Frey 3 patients with no response areas were obtained at 10 g microfilament. Immunohistochemistry showed that the number and density of nerve fibers had an average of 7 fibers in healthy and from prediabetic decreased to 4.4 fibers. The Dry eye justifies the periodic evaluation by the internist. The evaluation of sensitivity with von Frey hairs used indicate that the monofilament has a lower diagnostic efficiency individually. The biopsy revealed an early diagnostic capacity in this condition in the absence of symptoms. Skin biopsy with quantification of the number and density of nerve fibers is useful in early identification of C fiber damage and behaves like screening method.

Facteurs associes a la neuropathie diabetique a l'hopital national de Lamorde (Niamey-Niger)

OBJECTIFS. Identifier les facteurs associes a la neuropathie chez les patients diabetiques suivis a l'Hopital National de Lamorde. MeTHODES. Il s'agit d'une etude transversale; prospective sur une duree de 6 mois (Avril a Octobre 2014). Ont ete inclus les patients diabetiques vus en consultation durant la periode d'etude. Le score de Michigan neuropathy screening instrument(MNSI) a permis d'etablir le diagnostic de neuropathie peripherique et la douleur neuropathique a ete diagnostiquee sur la base du score DN4. ReSULTATS. Sur 200 patients inclus; 46% avaient une neuropathie peripherique dont 24% une douleur neuropathique. La survenue de la neuropathie peripherique est significativement correlee au diabete de type 2; a l'age des patients; au sexe masculin; a l'anciennete du diabete et a un bas niveau socio-economique. Une association au desequilibre glycemique a ete observe chez 46;2 % des cas mais non significative (p=0;055). La neuropathie etait egalement associee a la nephropathie; a une retinopathie diabetique et a la dysfonction erectile chez hommes.CONCLUSION. La neuropathie diabetique est frequente au Niger. Sa survenue denote de la presence d'autres facteurs

Ulnar sensory-motor amplitude ratio: a new tool to differentiate ganglionopathy from polyneuropathy / Razao de amplitude sensitivo-motora ulnar: novo parametro para diferenciar ganglionopatia de polineuropatia

The objective of this study was to evaluate if the ratio of ulnar sensory nerve action potential (SNAP) over compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitudes (USMAR) would help in the distinction between ganglionopathy (GNP) and polyneuropathy (PNP). Methods We reviewed the nerve conductions studies and electromyography (EMG) of 18 GNP patients, 33 diabetic PNP patients and 56 controls. GNP was defined by simultaneous nerve conduction studies (NCS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abnormalities. PNP was defined by usual clinical and NCS criteria. We used ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey test and ROC curve analysis to compare ulnar SNAP and CMAP, as well as USMAR in the groups. Results Ulnar CMAP amplitudes were similar between GNP x PNP x Controls (p=0.253), but ulnar SNAP amplitudes (1.6±3.2 x 11.9±9.1 × 45.7±24.7) and USMAR values (0.3±0.3 × 1.5±0.9 × 4.6±2.2) were significantly different. A USMAR threshold of 0.71 was able to differentiate GNP and PNP (94.4% sensitivity and 90.9% specificity). Conclusions USMAR is a practical and reliable tool for the differentiation between GNP and PNP. .

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se a razão entre as amplitudes dos potenciais de ação sensitivo (SNAP) e motor (CMAP) do nervo ulnar (USMAR) auxiliaria na distinção entre ganglionopatia (GNP) e polineuropatia (PNP). Métodos Revisamos os estudos de neurocondução e eletromiografia de 18 pacientes com GNP, 33 com PNP diabética e 56 controles. GNP foi definida pela presença simultânea de anormalidades na neurocondução e na ressonância magnética cervical. PNP foi definida por critérios clínicos e neurofisiológicos usuais. Usamos o teste ANOVA com Tukey post-hoc e análise da curva ROC para comparar o SNAP e CMAP ulnares, assim como o USMAR entre os grupos. Resultados As amplitudes dos CMAPs ulnares foram similares entre GNP × PNP × Controles (p=0,253), mas as amplitudes dos SNAPs ulnares (1,6±3,2 × 11,9±9,1 × 45,7±24,7) e os valores de USMAR (0,3±0,3 × 1,5±0,9 × 4,6±2,2) foram significativamente diferentes. Um corte de 0,71 para a USMAR foi capaz de diferenciar GNP de PNP (sensibilidade de 94,4% e especificidade de 90,9%). Conclusões A USMAR é um parâmetro útil e confiável para o diagnóstico diferencial entre GNP e PNP. .

Efecto del ácido tióctico en los cambios clínicos, neuroconductivos e histopatológicos de la neuropatía diabética sensitivo motora distal / Effect of thioctic acid in the clinical, histopathological and neuroconductivos the distal motor sensory diabetic neuropathy

La polineuropatía diabética es la más común de las complicaciones microvasculares de la diabetes mellitus, siendo causa importante de morbilidad y mortalidad asociada a la enfermedad. Evaluar el efecto del ácido tióctico en los cambios clínicos, neuroconductivos e histopatológicos en la neuropatía diabética sensitivo motora distal. Estudio prospectivo, longitudinal, de intervención terapéutica, en pacientes que acudieron a la consulta externa y unidad cardiometabólica del Servicio de Medicina Interna del Hospital Militar “Dr. Carlos Arvelo”, a quien se les realizó historia clínica con evaluación del score sensitivo-motor, pruebas de neuroconducción y biopsia de piel, con evaluación a la semana n° 1, 4,12, 18 y 24. 30 pacientes diabéticos con criterio clínico de neuropatía diabética sensitivo motora distal. Se observó mejoría de las parestesias a partir de la semana 12 (p <0.05) de la administración del ácido tióctico a dosis de 600mg/día por vía oral. En la neuroconducción hubo aumento de la velocidad de conducción durante el post tratamiento (p<0,05). Se realizaron 12 biopsias de piel: 2 fueron positivas (16,7%) previo tratamiento y 10 negativas (83,3%) con anticuerpo PGP 9,5. En la semana 24 post tratamiento 7 positivas (58,3%) y 5 negativas (41,7%) (p<0,05). Se demostró que el tratamiento con ácido tióctico es efectivo en mejorar los síntomas y la neuroconducción en los pacientes diabéticos con neuropatía sensitivo motora distal.

Diabetic neuropathy is the most common microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus, and a major cause of morbidity and mortality. To evaluate the effect of thioctic acid in the clinical, histopathological neuroconductive and sensory motor diabetic distal neuropathy. Prospective, longitudinal, therapeutic intervention, in patients attending the outpatient and cardiometabolic consultation Internal Medicine; an assessment of sentitivo-motor score was performed and blood chemistry was measured as well as HbA1c. Neuroconduction and skin biopsy with assessment at weeks 1, 4.12, 18 and 24 were done. 30 diabetic patients with clinical criteria of distal motor sensory neuropathy were included. The clinical symptom was paresthesia, which was present from week 12 and showed improvement (p <0.05) at weeks 18 and 24 (p<0.05). Neuroconduction was measured by increased conduction velocity post treatment (p <0.05). Biopsieswere performed in 12 patients; two were positive (16.7%) after treatment and 10 negative (83.3%) for PGP 9.5 antibody. At week 24 of treatment, 7 were positive (58.3%) and 5 negative (41.7%) (p<0.05). We demonstrated effectiveness of thioctic acid after week 12 of treatment.

Plantar thermography is useful in the early diagnosis of diabetic neuropathy

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated plantar thermography sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing diabetic polyneuropathy using cardiac tests (heart rate variability) as a reference standard because autonomic small fibers are affected first by this disease. METHODS: Seventy-nine individuals between the ages of 19 and 79 years old (28 males) were evaluated and divided into three groups: control (n = 37), pre-diabetics (n = 13) and type 2 diabetics (n = 29). The plantar images were recorded at baseline and then minutes after a provocative maneuver (Cold Stress Test) using an infrared camera that is appropriate for clinical use. Two thermographic variables were studied: the thermal recovery index and the interdigital anisothermal technique. Heart rate variability was measured in a seven-test battery that included three spectral indexes (in the frequency domain) and four Ewing tests (the Valsalva maneuver, the orthostatic test, a deep breathing test, and the orthostatic hypotension test). Other classically recommended tests were applied, including electromyography (EMG), Michigan inventory, and a clinical interview that included a neurological physical examination. RESULTS: Among the diabetic patients, the interdigital anisothermal technique alone performed better than the thermal recovery index alone, with a better sensitivity (81.3%) and specificity (46.2%). For the pre-diabetic patients, the three tests performed equally well. None of the control subjects displayed abnormal interdigital anisothermal readouts or thermal recovery indices, which precluded the sensitivity estimation in this sample of subjects. However, the specificity (70.6%) was higher in this group. CONCLUSION: In this study, plantar thermography, which predominately considers the small and autonomic fibers that are commonly associated with a sub-clinical condition, proved useful in diagnosing diabetic neuropathy early. The interdigital anisothermal test, when used alone, performed best.

Prevalencia de neuropatía periférica en diabéticos tipo 2 en el primer nivel de atención / Prevalence of peripheral neuropathy among primary care type 2 diabetic patients

Background: Neuropathy is a common complication of diabetic patients. Aim: To determine the prevalence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy in Type 2 diabetic patients attended at a family medicine unit. Material and Methods: Cross-sectional assessment of 348 type 2 diabetic patients aged 34-89 years (60% females) with a disease duration of 5 to 15 years. Peripheral neurological status was evaluated using The Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument, a tool that includes a self-assessment of symptoms and a physical examination. Results: Diabetic neuropathy was found in 240patients (69%). The prevalence in males and females was 72 and 67% respectively. The prevalence in patients with a disease duration of 5, 10 and 15 years, was 59, 69 and 77%, respectively. Fifty percent of patients with neuropathy complained of dry skin, 2% had ulcers, 43% had an abnormal perception of vibration and 29% had an abnormal monofilament test. Conclusions: The overall prevalence of peripheral neuropathy in this group of patients was 69% and was directly associated with the duration of the disease.

Combined nerve conduction index in diabetic polyneuropathy / Índice combinado de condução nervosa na polineuropatia diabética

Diabetic polyneuropathy can be confirmed by nerve conduction studies. The data can be analyzed in the form of a combined index instead of individual parameters. METHODS: The combined index included five parameters of nerve conduction studies commonly used for evaluation of polyneuropathies. We evaluated sensitivity in 100 diabetic patients with suspected polyneuropathy, and specificity in 200 non-diabetic patients with suspected lumbosacral radiculopathy. All results were expressed in number of standard deviations (SD). RESULTS: The sensitivity of the combined index was 81 or 74%, and specificity was 97 or 98%, using respectively -2.0 or -2.5 SD as cutoff. The range of sensitivity of the other parameters was 57-65% or 48-56%, and specificity range was 96-98% or 98-100%, using the same criteria. DISCUSSION: The combined index had higher sensitivity and equivalent specificity compared to isolated parameters.

A polineuropatia diabética pode ser confirmada por estudos de condução nervosa. Os dados podem ser analisados por um índice combinado ao invés de parâmetros isolados. MÉTODOS: O índice combinado incluiu cinco parâmetros usados rotineiramente na avaliação de polineuropatias. Avaliamos a sensibilidade em 100 pacientes diabéticos com suspeita de polineuropatia e a especificidade em 200 pacientes não diabéticos com suspeita de radiculopatia lombossacral. Todos os resultados foram expressos em número de desvios-padrão (DP). RESULTADOS: A sensibilidade do índice combinado foi 81 ou 74%, e a especificidade foi 97 ou 98%, usando respectivamente -2,0 ou -2,5 DP como ponto de corte. A sensibilidade dos parâmetros isolados oscilou entre 57-65% ou 48-56%, e a especificidade foi 96-98% ou 98-100%, usando os mesmos critérios. DISCUSSÃO: O índice combinado apresentou melhor sensibilidade e especificidade equivalente aos parâmetros isolados.